Portable battery-operated ambient air analyzer

ABSTRACT

A portable battery-operated ambient air analyzer comprising an electrically-energized incandescent source of infra-red radiation producing a beam passing through an air sample to a sensor. The infra-red source is surrounded by an explosion-proof enclosure to prevent an explosion internally of the enclosure being propagated out to the atmosphere. The incandescent source is a self-supporting filamentary coil having no interior core or mandrel. The coil is formed of a metal composition including aluminum, chromium and iron.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to infra-red spectrometers of themulti-wavelength type. More particularly, this invention relates toportable, battery-operated spectrometers used for ambient air analysis.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Portable battery-operated ambient air analyzers have been employed for anumber years to determine the concentration of a wide variety of gasesand vapors. Such devices typically comprise a hand-held orshoulder-strap-supported housing containing an infra-red sourceproducing a single beam of radiation. This beam is selectively filteredin accordance with the gas to be measured, and is directed through anair sample drawn into a gas cell by an internal sampling pump. The beamemerging from the gas cell is detected by a sensor to produce a signalwhich is operated on, e.g. by a microprocessor, to develop aconcentration measurement for display to the person carrying theanalyzer. U.S. Pat. No. 3,877,812 discloses important aspects of onesuch ambient air analyzer which has been highly successful commercially.

Although such prior art devices have found widespread application, theiruse has not been permitted in sites such as many kinds of hazardouswaste sites which contain potentially inflammable or explosivecomponents. For such more dangerous sites, it has been the usualpractice simply to capture an air sample at the site, as in a sealedcontainer, and convey it manually or by vehicle to a remote place foranalysis by a non-portable analyzer. Alternatively, for dangerous siteswhere frequent or continuous monitoring is required, a permanentsampling system may be installed to continuously draw sample gas fromthe site and transmit it, as through a sealed tube, to an adjacentlaboratory for analysis. The analytical equipment used at suchlaboratory typically will include elaborate isolation provisions andother safety features to prevent damage from explosions or the like offlammable gases which might be drawn in from the site being monitored.Because of such safety provisions, the equipment is necessarily bulkyand expensive to manufacture.

It has been found that the prior art techniques for monitoring the airat sites where flammable or explosive mixtures might be present areunsatisfactory, primarily due to high cost and complexity. Thesedifficulties tend to inhibit the monitoring at sites where analysis fortoxic gases is very desirable, for example at workplace environments orhazardous waste sites where due to the presence of workers it is vitalto know of the existence and the amount of any toxic gases. Thus, it hasbecome very important to provide improved apparatus for monitoring theambient air at such sites where flammable or explosive gases or vaporsmay be present.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, to be described hereinbelowin detail, there is provided a portable, battery-operated ambient airanalyzer suited for operation at sites where flammable or explosive gasor vapors may be present. This instrument includes, in common withconventional prior art portable analyzers, an electrically-energizedincandescent source of infra-red radiation producing a radiant beamwhich passes through an air sample in a gas cell and is directed to asensor which together with an associated microprocessor calculatesabsorbance values to produce measurements for display to the personcarrying the instrument. Unlike prior art portable analyzers, theinfra-red source of this instrument is contained within an enclosure soarranged as to be explosion-proof, as that term is known and defined inthe art. In more specific detail, the enclosure for the infrared source,although not hermetically sealed, is so arranged that any flame path tooutside atmosphere for an explosion within the enclosure isappropriately long and has a sufficiently narrow gap (i.e. the spacingbetween elements adjacent the flame path) as to assure sufficientcooling of escaping flame gas to prevent the emerging gases frominitiating a further explosion in the ambient atmosphere surrounding theinstrument. Moreover, the enclosure is so designed as to prevent anyseparate elements of the structure from being blown outwardly by theforce of an internal explosion. Thus, the portable ambient air analyzerinstrument of this invention is well suited to make measurements of gasconcentrations at sites where flammable or explosive gas might bepresent.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide improvedambient air analysis apparatus for use at sites where flammable orexplosive gases may be present. Other objects, aspects and advantages ofthe invention will in part be pointed out in, and in part apparent from,the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention,considered together with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view, partly broken away, showing a portable,battery-operated ambient air analyzer in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 2 is a vertical section through the center of the infra-red sourceof the instrument shown in FIG. 1; and

FIG. 3 is an elevation view of the source of FIG. 2, as seen from theright-hand side of FIG. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring first to FIG. 1, the ambient air analyzer instrument inaccordance with this invention is generally indicated at 10 andcomprises an outer housing 12 of generally rectangular box-like shape.This housing is formed with a handle indicated at 14 to permit a personto hand-carry the instrument while performing an analysis of ambientair. The instrument includes a flexible hose 16 having at one end a wand18 to be held by the operator in a region where a gas sample is to betaken. The sample is drawn in through the wand and the hose 16 by aninternal sampling pump (not shown) to a gas cell 20 of knownconstruction.

At the left-hand end of the housing 12 is a source of infra-redradiation generally indicated at 30, and to be described in more detailhereinbelow. This source produces a beam of infra-red radiation, e.g.covering at least the wavelength range of 2.5 to 14.5 μm. This beam isdirected to a circular variable filter 32 having a number of peripheralsegments which can be controllably positioned in the path of theinfra-red beam, in known fashion. The beam emerging from this filter isdirected (as by means of a light pipe, not shown) to an entranceschematically illustrated at 34 at the near end of the gas cell 20.Inside this gas cell, the infra-red beam traverses the gas sample in amanner to provide a path length appropriate to the analysis desired.

The infra-red beam emerges from the gas cell 20 at an exit schematicallyillustrated at 36 and is directed (by means not shown) to a sensorschematically illustrated at 38. This sensor produces an output signalresponsive to the absorbance of the beam in passing through the gassample, and this output signal is transmitted to a microprocessor (notshown) which makes calculations appropriate to the selected gascomponent so as to develop a measurement of the concentration of thatgas. This measurement is presented to the operator by means of an LCDdisplay generally indicated at 40, in concentration/absorbance units.Adjacent the LCD display 40 is a keyboard 42 to permit the operator tocontrol the microprocessor, e.g. to select the functional mode of theinstrument, and to program the analyzer for any one of a large number ofgases which can be measured by the instrument.

All of the electrical power for operation of the ambient air analyzerinstrument 10 is furnished by an internal battery pack 44. Preferably,this battery pack is rechargeable. External battery packs also can beprovided to extend the operating time as needed. Low battery or sampleloss flow conditions can be presented on the LCD display 40.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the source 30 comprises a filamentary coil 48which is fully surrounded by a substantially-sealed (but nothermetically-sealed) enclosure. This enclosure includes a tubularcentral casing member 50 of cylindrical shape (see also FIG. 3), theends of which are closed off by end caps 52, 54. These end caps havetubular (cylindrical) side walls 56, 58 threadedly engaged with theinterior surface of the central casing member 50, and integral endplates 60, 62 perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrically-shapedcentral casing member 50.

The right-hand end plate 62 is formed with a centered opening 64 behindwhich is secured an infra-red window 66, e.g. formed of a translucentcompound such as zinc selenide adapted to pass infra-red radiation. Alocking ring 68 is threadedly engaged with the interior of the end cap54, and presses against the left-hand surface of the window 66 to holdthe window firmly against the end plate 62.

The coil 48 when energized by flow of electrical current becomesincandescent and produces radiation including the infra-red wavelengths.Much of the radiation going to the left of this coil strikes a polishedspherical mirror 80 and is reflected thereby back towards the opening 64to augment the radiation going through that opening directly from thecoil. The reflected radiation preferably is focussed at the plane of thecircular variable filter 32 (shown in FIG. 1), from whence it isdirected to the gas cell 20 as previously described.

The mirror 80 is formed as part of a mirror holder 82 having a centralaperture 84. Fitted into this aperture is a metal lead support member 90having a ring-shaped flange 92 which is gripped between the mirrorholder 82 and the end plate 60 of the end cap 52. The lead supportmember 90 also is formed with a central aperture which receives a glassplug 94 fused to the metal of the support member. Molded into this glassplug are a pair of metal tubes 96, 98 carrying electrical leads, 100,102 which extend rigidly in side-by-side fashion as support elements forthe coil 48 in the interior of the enclosure.

The ends of the filamentary coil 48 are secured to these lead extensions100, 102, as by spot welding, and the coil structure is self-supporting.That is, the coil is not provided with the usual ceramic mandrel or corewhich in prior art devices the coil was wrapped about, and which in turnwas secured to the lead extensions. It has been found that this changehas reduced the electrical power requirements of the coil 48 byapproximately one-half, for the same radiation intensity, apparentlybecause there now is no heat loss which previously occurred byconduction through the ceramic core and radiation from the core. Thisreduction is a very important benefit in a battery-operated instrument,because it increases the length of time which the equipment may be usedbefore needing a battery replacement.

The structure of the source 30 has been so arranged that the unit as awhole is explosion-proof (sometimes also referred to as intrinsicallysafe). In the United States, and a number of other countries,determining and certifying the explosion-proof capability of a device isthe responsibility of certain publicly-accessible institutions oragencies. These agencies will upon request analyze the design of aproposed structure and, if it is satisfactory, certify it asexplosion-proof in accordance with pre-established and generallyrecognized technical requirements. One such agency, in the U.S., isknown as Factory Mutual Research Corporation (referred to in short asFM). The design of the source 30 as shown herein has been examined bythat agency and certified as explosion-proof. Certain features of thesource design are particularly important to such certification, as willbe explained hereinbelow.

Referring again to FIG. 2, it will be seen that the end plate 62overlies the window 66 for a substantial distance radially, i.e. in fromthe outer periphery of the window. Moreover, the adjoining parallelsurfaces of these two elements are specially formed to be flat andsmooth. The structural dimensions are so set that any potential flamepath from an internal explosion to the outside atmosphere which includesthis radial route between the end plate 62 and the window 66 will have alength and gap spacing meeting requirements of FM for a device of theinternal volume of the source 30. (These requirements for the source 30employed in the preferred commercial embodiment described herein are: apath length of 0.38" and a flatness for adjoining surfaces of less than250 microinches.)

The end cap 54 also serves to hold the window 66 captive, i.e. so as toprevent the window from being expelled from the interior of theenclosure in the event of an explosion in the enclosure. This restraintis provided by the end plate 62 which in turn is held in position by thethreaded engagement between the tubular side wall 58 of the end cap andthe central casing member 50. It may also be noted that this threadedengagement between these two members provides an alternative flame pathto the outside of the enclosure, but the length of that path (that is,the number of threads) is made sufficiently large that any escapinggases would be sufficiently cool to prevent an explosion from beingtransmitted to outside atmosphere.

Referring now to the left-hand end of the central casing member 50, itwill be seen that the lead support member 90 is arranged with respect tothe end cap 52 somewhat as the window 66 is arranged with respect to theright-hand end cap 54. That is, the left-hand end plate 60 overlies thering-shaped flange 92 of the lead support member for a substantialdistance radially, and the adjoining surfaces are formed to be flat andsmooth, so as to meet the appropriate requirements for the length of thepotential flame path and the necessary close gap spacing between theadjoining elements establishing such flame path. Moreover, the overlyingportion of the end plate 60 serves to restrain the lead support member90 in the event of an internal explosion, thus helping to prevent itfrom being expelled from the enclosure in that event. The mirror holder82 also is formed with a circular peripheral flange 86 which is engagedby the end cap 52 to assure that the mirror holder will not be expelledfrom the enclosure by the force of an internal explosion in theenclosure.

The alternative potential flame path formed by the threaded engagementbetween the end cap and the central casing member 50 is sufficientlylong (by having the necessary number of threads) to assure that aninternal explosion will not be transmitted by that route to the outsideat a high enough temperature to continue or renew the explosion in theoutside atmosphere.

The glass plug 94 in the lead support member 90 is formed with a slighttaper (shown somewhat exaggeratedly) along its central axis to assurethat this plug will not be ejected from the enclosure in the event of aninternal explosion. Similarly, the lead tubes 96, 98 are formed at theirinner ends with flared tips to prevent these lead tubes from beingexpelled from the enclosure through the glass plug in the event of aninternal explosion.

Incandescent coils used in prior art spectrometers frequently have beenformed of nichrome. However, it has been found that nichrome vaporizes,and in a substantially sealed enclosure will coat the interior surfaces,ultimately rendering the source inoperable. This problem has been solvedby forming the coil 48 from a metal comprising aluminum, chromium andiron, preferably 5.5% aluminum, 22% chromium, and the balance iron. Sucha material is available commercially under the name "Kanthal A-1", forelectric resistance and high temperature alloys. The supplier of thatmaterial recommends an operating temperature of 1510° C., but somevaporization occurs at that temperature; it has been found thatoperation should be at a temperature below 1000° C., preferably 925° C.

Cements may be employed with advantage between adjacent surfaces of someof the elements of the source 30. For example, cement may be applied toboth sides of the flange 92 of the lead support member 90. No cement isused between the window 66 and the end plate 62, but a lubricant may beapplied between the locking ring 68 and the window. The outer curvedsurface of the window is dimensioned to provide a close fit within theend cap 54, but that surface is not specially polished for smoothness(and small gap spacing) as is the flat side surface of the windowadjoining the end plate 62. The length of the potential flame path alongthe side of the glass plug 94 is sufficient to assure good gas coolingin the event of an internal explosion (i.e. the length is greater than0.38", and the fused glass/metal surfaces provide a close and intimateengagement. Principal components of the source 30 such as the casing 50and the end caps 52, 54 preferably are made of aluminum. Small drillholes are formed in several of the elements, e.g. as shown at 110, toprovide for assembly and disassembly of the enclosure only by specialtools having projections matching those drill holes. Set screws areprovided at appropriate places to further insure that the source remainsin assembled condition unless purposely disassembled.

Although a specific preferred embodiment of this invention has beendescribed hereinabove in detail, it is desired to emphasize that thishas been for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and should notbe considered as necessarily limitative of the invention, it beingunderstood that many modifications can be made by those skilled in theart while still practicing the invention claimed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. In a portable ambient air analyzer instrument ofthe type having an outer housing with means permitting the instrument tobe carried by a person onto a site where gases exist and requiremeasurement of the concentration thereof, said analyzer including anelectrically-energized incandescent source producing a beam of infra-redradiation passing through a gas cell containing a gas sample and beingdirected thereafter to a sensor for analysis so as to producemeasurements to be displayed, said analyzer further includingmanually-operable controls to permit the person carrying the instrumentto select any of a variety of functional modes thereof; and a battery insaid hosing to supply all of the electrical power required for theoperation of said instrument including said incandescent source;theimprovement in said analyzer wherein said incandescent source comprisesa pair of electrically-conductive elongate elements positionedside-by-side; and a filamentary coil of wire secured at its ends to saidelongate elements to receive electrical current therefrom; said coilbeing self-supporting on said elongate elements, and its interior beingfree of any material, wherein the amount of radiation produced for agiven amount of energy supplied to said source is approximately doubledrelative to a mandrel-supported coil.
 2. For analyzing the ambient airat sites where flammable or explosive gas mixtures may be present, aportable ambient air analyzer instrument of the type having an outerhousing with means permitting the instrument to be carried by a persononto a site where gases exist and require measurement of theconcentration thereof, said analyzer including an electrically-energizedincandescent source producing a beam of infra-red radiation passingthrough a gas cell containing a gas sample and being directed thereafterto a sensor for analysis so as to produce measurements to be displayed,said analyzer further including manually-operable controls to permit theperson carrying the instrument to select any of a variety of functionalmodes thereof; and a battery in said housing to supply all of theelectrical power required for the operation of said instrument includingsaid incandescent source;the improvement in said analyzer whichcomprises: an enclosure fully surrounding said incandescent source ofinfra-red radiation and including means providing for explosion-proofoperation of said source; said enclosure including: a central casing ofgenerally tubular shape; first and second end plates secured to saidcentral casing at opposite ends thereof and each formed with an opening;an infra-red window immediately adjacent said first end plate to allowinfra-red radiant energy to pass from said incandescent source throughsaid opening in the first end plate; the adjoining surfaces of saidwindow and said first end plate being pressed together and formed flatand smooth; a lead support member fitted into said opening of saidsecond end plate and having flange means extending beneath said secondend plate interiorly thereof; the adjoining surfaces of said flangemeans and said second end plate being pressed together and formed flatand smooth; said end plates comprising means for restraining both saidwindow and said lead support member from being expelled from saidenclosure in the event of an internal explosion.
 3. Apparatus as claimedin claim 2, wherein said casing is in the form of a cylinder and saidend plates are planar and perpendicular to the axis of saidcylinder;said end plates each forming part of a respective end cap eachhaving a tubular side wall threadedly engaged with said central casing.4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein said tubular side walls arethreadedly engaged with corresponding interior threads formed in theinner wall of said casing cylinder, at opposite ends thereof. 5.Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, including first and second lockingmeans threadedly engaged with said inner wall of said casing;saidinfra-red window and said flange being pressed against the adjoiningsurfaces of the corresponding end plates by said first and secondlocking means respectively.
 6. For analyzing the ambient air at siteswhere flammable or explosive gas mixtures may be present, a portableambient air analyzer instrument of the type having an outer housing withmeans permitting the instrument to be carried by a person onto a sitewhere gases exist and require measurement of the concentration thereof,said analyzer including an electrically-energized incandescent sourceproducing a beam of infra-red radiation passing through a gas cellcontaining a gas sample and being directed thereafter to a sensor foranalysis so as to produce measurements to be displayed, said analyzerfurther including manually-operable controls to permit the personcarrying the instrument to select any of a variety of functional modesthereof; and a battery in said housing to supply all of the electricalpower required for the operation of said instrument including saidincandescent source;the improvement in said analyzer which comprises anenclosure fully surrounding said incandescent source of infra-redradiation and including means providing for explosion-proof operation ofsaid source; said enclosure including: a central casing of generallytubular shape; an end plate secured to said central casing at one endthereof and formed with an opening; a lead support member fitted intosaid opening and having flange means extending beneath said end plate;the adjoining surfaces of said flange and said end plate being pressedtogether and formed flat and smooth; said lead support member beingformed with a central opening; a glass plug in said central opening andfused to the inner surfaces of said central opening; a pair of tubesextending through said glass plug; and leads extending through saidtubes and having internal extensions to support and supply electricalcurrent to said incandescent source.
 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6,wherein the outer surface of said glass plug is tapered in thelongitudinal direction of restrain the plug from outward movement in theevent of an internal explosion;said tubes being formed at their innerends with flared tips to restrain the tubes from outward movementthrough said glass plug in the event of an internal explosion.